监管人工智能体

摘要

人工智能体——这种仅需有限人工监督即可自主采取行动以实现复杂目标的系统——已进入主流应用。这些系统正被广泛用于软件开发、商业活动执行及日常个人任务自动化。虽然人工智能体涉及代理法、合同法、侵权责任和劳动法等多个法律领域，但它们对当前全球影响力最大的AI监管法规《欧盟人工智能法案》提出了尤为紧迫的挑战。在AI体技术尚未成熟和普及前颁布的该法案，在应对这项变革性技术带来的治理挑战时面临重大障碍，包括自主任务执行中的性能故障、恶意行为者滥用AI体的风险，以及AI体所创造经济机遇的获取不平等问题。我们系统分析了欧盟AI法案对这些挑战的应对策略，既关注法规的实质性条款，更关键的是考察旨在支撑法规实施的制度框架。通过对法案中监测与执行职责分配、行业自律机制依赖度以及政府资源配置水平的剖析，我们发现这套为传统AI系统设计的监管框架难以适配AI体的特性。综合来看，我们的研究结果表明，欧盟及全球政策制定者若想有效规制下一代AI技术，就需要尽快调整现有监管路径。

English

AI agents -- systems that can independently take actions to pursue complex goals with only limited human oversight -- have entered the mainstream. These systems are now being widely used to produce software, conduct business activities, and automate everyday personal tasks. While AI agents implicate many areas of law, ranging from agency law and contracts to tort liability and labor law, they present particularly pressing questions for the most globally consequential AI regulation: the European Union's AI Act. Promulgated prior to the development and widespread use of AI agents, the EU AI Act faces significant obstacles in confronting the governance challenges arising from this transformative technology, such as performance failures in autonomous task execution, the risk of misuse of agents by malicious actors, and unequal access to the economic opportunities afforded by AI agents. We systematically analyze the EU AI Act's response to these challenges, focusing on both the substantive provisions of the regulation and, crucially, the institutional frameworks that aim to support its implementation. Our analysis of the Act's allocation of monitoring and enforcement responsibilities, reliance on industry self-regulation, and level of government resourcing illustrates how a regulatory framework designed for conventional AI systems can be ill-suited to AI agents. Taken together, our findings suggest that policymakers in the EU and beyond will need to change course, and soon, if they are to effectively govern the next generation of AI technology.

监管人工智能体

Regulating AI Agents

摘要

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