超级智能与法律

摘要

人工超级智能——即能在认知任务和具有经济价值的活动中普遍超越人类的人工智能体——的出现将彻底改变我们所知的法律秩序。这些智能体在自主运行或仅受有限人类监督的情况下，将逐步承担法律体系中日益多元的角色。首先，在做出重大决策并采取现实行动时，人工智能体将成为实际上的法律主体。其次，为与其他行为者（人类或非人类）合作竞争，人工智能体将运用合同与法院等传统法律工具与制度，成为法律的使用者。第三，当人工智能体承担起制定、解释和执行法律的职能时，它们将转变为法律的创造者与执行者。这些发展无论何时最终实现，都将对法律理论与学说的基本预设提出质疑——尤其是当法律制度的合法性仍建立在人类本源基础之上时。由于人工智能体不仅是法律的主要规制对象，更将成为法律的核心使用者和贡献者，试图将其与现行人类法律对齐的努力也将面临新挑战。面对超级智能时代的来临，新旧立法者都需保持清醒认识：既要把握社会迎接超级智能过程中重塑法律制度的机遇，也要承认从长远看这终将是一项人类与人工智能共同参与的事业。

English

The prospect of artificial superintelligence -- AI agents that can generally outperform humans in cognitive tasks and economically valuable activities -- will transform the legal order as we know it. Operating autonomously or under only limited human oversight, AI agents will assume a growing range of roles in the legal system. First, in making consequential decisions and taking real-world actions, AI agents will become de facto subjects of law. Second, to cooperate and compete with other actors (human or non-human), AI agents will harness conventional legal instruments and institutions such as contracts and courts, becoming consumers of law. Third, to the extent AI agents perform the functions of writing, interpreting, and administering law, they will become producers and enforcers of law. These developments, whenever they ultimately occur, will call into question fundamental assumptions in legal theory and doctrine, especially to the extent they ground the legitimacy of legal institutions in their human origins. Attempts to align AI agents with extant human law will also face new challenges as AI agents will not only be a primary target of law, but a core user of law and contributor to law. To contend with the advent of superintelligence, lawmakers -- new and old -- will need to be clear-eyed, recognizing both the opportunity to shape legal institutions as society braces for superintelligence and the reality that, in the longer run, this may be a joint human-AI endeavor.

超级智能与法律

Superintelligence and Law

摘要

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