超级智能与法律

摘要

人工超级智能——即在认知任务和经济价值创造活动中普遍超越人类的人工智能体——的出现将彻底改变我们现有的法律秩序。这些在自主或有限人工监督下运行的智能体，将在法律体系中承担日益多元的角色。首先，通过做出重大决策并采取现实行动，人工智能体将成为事实上的法律主体；其次，为与人类或其他非人类主体开展合作竞争，它们将运用合同与法院等传统法律工具与制度，成为法律的使用者；再者，当人工智能体承担起立法、释法与执法职能时，它们将转化为法律的制定者与执行者。这些发展无论何时成为现实，都将对法学理论与教义的基本预设提出根本性质疑——尤其是当法律制度的合法性仍建立在人类本源论基础上时。试图将人工智能体纳入现行人类法律体系的努力也将面临新挑战，因为智能体不仅是法律规制的核心对象，更将成为法律的核心用户及共同缔造者。面对超级智能时代的来临，新旧立法者需保持清醒认知：既要把握社会迎接超级智能过程中重塑法律制度的机遇，也要认识到从长远看，这终将是一场人与人工智能的协同共创。

English

The prospect of artificial superintelligence -- AI agents that can generally outperform humans in cognitive tasks and economically valuable activities -- will transform the legal order as we know it. Operating autonomously or under only limited human oversight, AI agents will assume a growing range of roles in the legal system. First, in making consequential decisions and taking real-world actions, AI agents will become de facto subjects of law. Second, to cooperate and compete with other actors (human or non-human), AI agents will harness conventional legal instruments and institutions such as contracts and courts, becoming consumers of law. Third, to the extent AI agents perform the functions of writing, interpreting, and administering law, they will become producers and enforcers of law. These developments, whenever they ultimately occur, will call into question fundamental assumptions in legal theory and doctrine, especially to the extent they ground the legitimacy of legal institutions in their human origins. Attempts to align AI agents with extant human law will also face new challenges as AI agents will not only be a primary target of law, but a core user of law and contributor to law. To contend with the advent of superintelligence, lawmakers -- new and old -- will need to be clear-eyed, recognizing both the opportunity to shape legal institutions as society braces for superintelligence and the reality that, in the longer run, this may be a joint human-AI endeavor.

超级智能与法律

Superintelligence and Law

摘要

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