如果人工智能系统不是聊天机器人，它们可能会以其他形式存在，比如专用任务系统（如自动驾驶、医疗诊断、工业自动化）、知识提取系统、决策支持系统、或者嵌入在各类设备中的智能代理。它们可能没有对话界面，而是通过数据输入、传感器、API等方式与用户或环境交互，专注于特定领域的优化与执行。

摘要

人工智能向对话式聊天机器人界面快速趋同，标志着行业发展的关键转折点。本文认为，聊天机器人范式并非中立的界面选择，而是一种主导性的社会技术构造，其广泛采用正在重塑社会、经济、法律和环境系统。我们考察了将人工智能主要作为对话助手处理的广泛结构性缺陷，揭示基于聊天机器人的系统往往无法充分满足用户需求（尤其在复杂或高风险场景下），同时却表现出自信与权威。进一步分析表明，聊天机器人中介交互的常态化改变了工作、学习和决策模式，导致去技能化、知识同质化以及专业知识期望的转变。最后，我们审视了更广泛的社会影响，包括劳动力替代、经济权力集中，以及因持续投资大规模聊天机器人基础设施而加剧的环境成本。在承认合理益处的同时，我们认为当前人工智能发展轨迹反映了特定价值选择，即优先考虑对话通用性而非领域特异性、问责制及长期社会可持续性。本文最后提出超越"一刀切"聊天机器人的替代性人工智能发展路径和治理方向，强调多元化系统设计、任务导向型工具及制度保障，以减轻社会和经济危害。

English

The rapid convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) toward conversational chatbot interfaces marks a critical moment for the industry. This paper argues that the chatbot paradigm is not a neutral interface choice, but a dominant sociotechnical configuration whose widespread adoption reshapes social, economic, legal, and environmental systems. We examine how treating AI primarily as conversational assistants has extensive structural downsides. We show how chatbot-based systems often fail to adequately meet user needs, particularly in complex or high-stakes contexts, while projecting confidence and authority. We further analyze how the normalization of chatbot-mediated interaction alters patterns of work, learning, and decision-making, contributing to deskilling, homogenization of knowledge, and shifting expectations of expertise. Finally, we examine broader societal effects, including labor displacement, concentration of economic power, and increased environmental costs driven by sustained investment in large-scale chatbot infrastructures. While acknowledging legitimate benefits, we argue that the current trajectory of AI development reflects specific value choices that prioritize conversational generality over domain specificity, accountability, and long-term social sustainability. We conclude by outlining alternative directions for AI development and governance that move beyond one-size-fits-all chatbots, emphasizing pluralistic system design, task-specific tools, and institutional safeguards to mitigate social and economic harm.

What if AI systems weren't chatbots?

摘要

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